RichardBrafford.com/India

Republic of India

India, officially known as the Republic of India, is located in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area and, as of June 2023, the most populous country with a population of 1.5 billion. Since gaining independence in 1947, India has maintained its status as the world's most populous democracy. The country is rich in cultural diversity, with a Hindu pantheon that includes approximately 3.3 million gods and numerous temples dedicated to them. The scent of curry permeates the air, as it is a staple of Indian cuisine, and many Indians follow a vegetarian diet. Despite the overwhelming poverty that affects a significant portion of the population, most Indians display remarkable resilience and grace in their daily lives.

Delhi, the vibrant capital territory of India, is a sprawling metropolitan hub in the northern part of the country that captivates with its rich history and cultural diversity. At the heart of Old Delhi, a neighborhood with roots tracing back to the 1600s, stands the awe-inspiring Mughal-era Red Fort, a powerful symbol of India’s heritage. Nearby, the majestic Jama Masjid mosque boasts a vast courtyard that can host an impressive 25,000 worshippers, reflecting the spiritual depth of the city. Chandni Chowk, a bustling bazaar just around the corner, is a sensory delight—teeming with food carts, sweet shops, and spice stalls that invite you to explore the flavors of Indian cuisine. With a population exceeding 28 million, Delhi is not just the largest metropolitan area in India; it is also the second-largest in the world, trailing only Tokyo. Experience the enchantment of Delhi, where every corner tells a story and every moment offers a glimpse into the vibrant tapestry of Indian life.

1.) India's Ministry of Defence (MoD) is the largest employer in the world,

2.) All agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the Indian Armed Forces,

3.) including the Indian Army, Indian Air Force, Indian Navy, and Indian Coast Guard, New Delhi, India.

The Parliament of India serves as the supreme legislative authority of the nation, embodying its democratic ethos. New Delhi, India.

Rashtrapati Bhavan, home to the President of the world's largest democracy, epitomizes India's strength, its democratic traditions and secular character. New Delhi, India.

The India Gate of New Delhi, stands as a memorial to 74,187 soldiers of the Indian Army who died between 1914 and 1921 in the First World War, New Delhi, India.

Lotus Temple, Baha'i House of Worship, dedicated to public worship in 1986, The Baháʼí Faith is for people of all religions to gather, reflect, and worship, New Dehli, India.

The Qutb Minar, a minaret and victory tower at Delhi's oldest fortified city, built by the Rajputs in 1220 AD. South Delhi, India.

Humayun's Tomb, built 1557, UNESCO World Heritage Site, was the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent, Old Delhi, India.

1.) The Red Fort located in Old Delhi, historically served as the main residence of the Mughal emperors and today remains a major tourist attraction

2.) Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the construction of the Red Fort in 1639, when he decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi

3.) The fort represents the peak in the Mughal architecture under Shah Jahan and combines Persian palace architecture with Indian traditions, Old Delhi, India.

There is absolutely no place like India!

I on a Rickshaw in Delhi, India, 2010

I on a Rickshaw in Varanasi also known as Banaras, India, 2010

Auto Surfing on the top of a moving Van, Dehli, India

My Taxi Rickshaw driver in Puri, Odisha, India

Bicycles & Cycle Rickshaws also known as Pedicabs or Trishaws, Dehli, India

Auto Rickshaws, and Electric Rickshaws are popular because of their low cost to hire, Dehli, India

Train Surfing if it's a overcrowded train, India

Train Surfing on the outside of a moving train is reckless, dangerous, and illegal, despite this, it is still practiced in India especially on overcrowded trains, India

Auto Rickshaws in Delhi, India

Cycle Rickshaw, in Dehli, India

Popular Ganges River cruise is an excellent way of absorbing the river’s religious importance, Varanasi, India, India

THE BHAJA AND KARLI CAVES

The Karla Caves, Karli Caves, Karle Caves or Karla Cells, are a complex of ancient Buddhist Indian rock-cut caves at Karli near Lonavala, Maharashtra. It is just 10.9 Kilometers away from Lonavala. Other caves in the area are Bhaja Caves, Patan Buddhist Cave, Bedse Caves and Nasik Caves.

Bhaja Caves, 22 rock-cut caves, Pune, India, the entrance facade of the chaitya hall, Shunga Dynasty, 2nd century BC (A chaitya, chaitya hall, chaitya-griha, refers to a shrine, sanctuary, temple or prayer hall in Indian religions)

Bhaja Caves, closer detail of the entrance facade of the chaitya hall, Shunga Dynasty, 2nd century BC

Bhaja Caves, Chaityagrha hall, Cave 12, with stupa, is 26 feet 8 inches wide and 59 feet long

The Karli Caves, rock-cut facade of The Great Chaitya prayer hall, or Cave No.8, This is the largest rock-cut chaitya in India, measuring 124 ft. long, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD, Maharashtra, India

The Karli Caves, entrance facade of the chaitya hall, the hall features sculptures of both males and females, as well as animals such as lions and elephants, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD, Maharashtra, India

The Karli Caves, The outer porch, or veranda with rock-cut relief sculpture, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD

The Karli Caves, Pillar at entry of main chaitya hall, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD

The Karli Caves, pillar of the Great Chaitya, with capital, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD

The Karli Caves, The outer porch, or veranda with rock-cut relief sculpture of Mithuna couple with elephants, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD

The Karli Caves, rock-cut relief sculpture of Mithuna couple near the entrance of chaitya hall, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD

The Karli Caves, Hall of the Great Chaitya with Stupa, dimensions of the interior are 124 ft. 3 in. from the entrance to the back wall, by 45 ft. 6 in. in width, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD

The Karli Caves, close-up of the Hall of the Great Chaitya with Stupa, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD

The Karli Caves, close-up of the Stupa, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD

GWALIOR FORT

The Gwalior Fort, commonly known as the Gwālīyar Qila, is a hill fort near Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. The fort has existed at least since the 10th century, and the inscriptions and monuments found within what is now the fort campus indicate that it may have existed as early as the beginning of the 6th century

The Gwalior Fort, 15th century palace, Man Mandir stands by the fort's gate

The Gwalior Fort, commonly known as the Gwāliiyar Qila, is a hill fort near Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

The Gwalior Fort is an excellent example of 12th century Rajput architecture

Gwalior Fort has Siddhachal Jain Temple Caves, carved in the 7th to the 15th century, there are eleven Jain temples inside the fort dedicated to the Jain Tirthankaras

On the southern side of Gwalior Fort are 21 temples cut into the rock with intricately carved tirthankaras the tallest is of Rishabhanatha at 58 feet 4 inches (17.78 m) high

The Teli ka Mandir is a Hindu temple built by the Pratihara emperor Mihira Bhoja in the 9th century, It is the oldest part of Gwalior Fort and has a blend of south and north Indian architectural styles.

JAIPUR THE PINK CITY

Jaipur is the capital of India’s Rajasthan state. It evokes the royal family that once ruled the region and that, in 1727, founded what is now called the Old City, or “Pink City” for its trademark building color. At the center of its stately street grid (notable in India) stands the opulent, colonnaded City Palace complex. With gardens, courtyards and museums, part of it is still a royal residence

Jaipur, Rajasthan, India was founded by Rajput chief of Kachhwaha clan Jai Singh II on 18 November 1727, who ruled the region from 1699 to 1743, Jaipur

Imperial Guards at the City Palace entrance, Jaipur known as the Pink City due to the dominant color scheme of its buildings in the old city, Jaipur

The Hawa Mahal is the palace in the city of Jaipur built from red and pink sandstone known as the Pink Palace, Jaipur

In Jaipur India, Snake charming is the practice of appearing to hypnotize a snake (often a cobra) by playing and waving around an instrument, Jaipur

The practice was historically the profession of some tribesmen in India well into the 20th century but snake charming declined rapidly after the government banned the practice in 1972, Jaipur

However Snake charming still continues and includes handling the snakes or performing other seemingly dangerous acts. Often the fangs of the cobras are removed or they sew their mouths shut, Jaipur

THE GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI

The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the oldest stone structures in India, and an important monument of Indian Architecture. It was originally commissioned by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BCE. Its nucleus was a simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha.

The Great Stupa at Sanchi complex, No. 1, (“stupa” is Sanskrit for heap) built in the 3rd century BCE by Mauryan King Ashoka, it is the oldest buddhist structure in the world and has had a significant influence on Indian architecture and sculpture

Gupta Empire, Buddha Shakyamuni statue, meditating in the lotus position, 4th century AD, The Great Stupa of Sanchi complex

One of the most influential examples of sculpture and narrative carving techniques in Indian history are the gate toranas depicting the life of the Buddha, the Great Stupa of Sanchi, 3rd century BC

The gateway toranas to the stupa is made up of two square posts topped by capitals of sculptured animals or dwarfs, surmounted by three architraves, which end in volute spirals

Gupta Empire, sitting Buddha Shakyamuni statue, 4th century AD, The Great Stupa of Sanchi complex

top architrave: King of the Mallakas bringing the relics of the Buddha to Kushinagara, middle architrave: Siege of Kushinagara by the seven kings, bottom architrave: Temptation of the Buddha with Mara's army fleeing,

Column ruins of temple 18 at the Stupa of Sanchi complex, a 7th-century apsidal chaitya-hall temple, with an Mauryan Empire foundation, from the 3rd century BC

Column ruins of temple 18 and view of the Great Stupa with summit railing and 3 umbrellas that represent the three Jewels of Buddhism, (a) Buddha; (b) dharma the law; and (c) sangha the monastic community

Stupa No. 3, with railings and staircase, built during the Shungas Dynasty, 1st century AD, the Great Stupa of Sanchi complex

PAGODA ARCHITECTURE

Pagodas originated from Indian stupa buildings, and were designed as Buddhist monumental structures to hold important relics and artifacts. They were traditionally built in the center of Buddhist temple structures, but later grew to be more stand-alone buildings and were sometimes constructed in pairs.

The Pagoda that spread across India to China evolved from the three circular umbrella-like multi-tiered disks that represent the three Jewels of Buddha on top of the Great Stupa of Sanchi from the 3rd century BC. Learn more: The Great Stupa at Sanchi

White Horse Pagoda, one of the earlest Chinese Pagoda's built in 384 CE, it is 12 metres (39 feet) high and 7 metres (23 feet) in diameter and consists of 9 levels in total, Dunhuang, Gansu, China

Giant Wild Goose multi-tiered Pagoda, the style of architecture is typical of traditional Chinese style on a square base, built in 649 CE, Tang Dynasty, Xi'an, China

The Hindu Pagoda Temple of 33 Crore Gods, which houses images of various Hindu Gods, built in 1793, Mandore Garden, Jodhpur, India

Famen Buddhist Temple Pagoda, was rebuilt in 1579 as a 13-storied brick-mimic-timber pagoda, Guanzhong, China.

Shri Vishwanath Mandir Temple, was rebuilt in 1931 as the second tallest temple in the world at 250 feet. BHU Campus, Varanasi, India

GHATS IN VARANASI

Ghats in Varanasi are riverfront steps leading to the banks of the Ganges river. The city has 84 ghats. Most of the ghats are for bathing, praying, and ceremonies, while two ghats, Manikarnika and Harishchandra, are used exclusively as cremation sites. In the Hindu tradition, cremation is one of the rites of passage, and the Ghats of Varanasi are considered one of the favorable locations for this ritual. At the time of the cremation or "last rites", a puja (prayer) is performed by one or more Hindu priests. Sacred hymns and mantras are recited during cremation to mark the ritual. The Manikarnika and Harishchandra Ghats are dedicated to the cremation ritual. Annually, less than 2 in 1000 people who die in India, or 25,000 to 30,000 bodies are cremated on various Varanasi Ghats; about an average of 80 per day.

India’s Holiest City At Varanasi, Hindu pilgrims come to pray and to die along the sacred Ganges River, The city has 84 ghats. Most of the ghats are bathing and puja ceremonial ghats

Manikarnika and Harishchandra Ghats are used exclusively for cremation in Varanasi, hindus believe that Shiva, the god of destruction and re-creation, has made his home here since the beginning of time

Lal Ghat & Gopreksheshvara Temple created in 1812 by the king of Tijara, Rajasthan, this ghat and temple attract devout Hindus for sacred baths and worship, Varanasi, India

Darbhanga Ghat, built in 1900 is primarily dedicated to various religious rituals related to last rite of cremation, It is believed that a human's soul attains moksha, and hence breaks the cycle of rebirth when cremated here, Varanasi, India

Ratneshwar Mahadev Mandir is one of the most photographed temples in the holy city of Varanasi built in 1825, it leans significantly towards the back side, and its generally below the water much of the year, except for a few months during the summer, Varanasi, India

Dhobi ghat, laundry at Ganga (Ganges) river, workers wash the laundry by beating them on rocks, and then dry them on clothes lines, Varanasi, India

Raj Ghat, Also known as Peshwa Ghat, built in 1807 by the Peshwa ruler of Pune. Presently the Annapurna Math and adjoining palace have become the place of cultural performances organized by Hotel Clarks for the foreign tourists, Varanasi, India

Bhonsale Ghat, built in 1780 by the Maratha King Bhonsale of Nagpur, Lakshminarayan Temple, Yameshwar Temple and Yamaditya Temple are the major shrines on this ghat, Varanasi, India

Manikarnika Ghat - Manikarnika Mahashamshan Ghat, Varanasi, India

1.) In Hindu tradition, after cremation, it is common for the deceased's ashes to be scattered in the Ganges River. This practice is believed to help the soul reach heaven and escape the cycle of rebirth.

2.) However, there are instances where bodies—either partially or fully cremated, or even uncremated—are placed in the river, often due to poverty or cultural practices.

3.) Additionally, there is a Hindu superstition that states if cremated ashes end up on the empty side of the Ganges River, the individual will be reincarnated as a donkey.

SARNATH

Sarnath is a place located 10 kilometres northeast of Varanasi, near the confluence of the Ganges and the Varuna rivers in Uttar Pradesh, India. According to Buddhist tradition, Sarnath is where, circa 528 BCE, at 35 years of age, Gautama Buddha taught his first sermon after attaining enlightenment at Bodh Gaya

Chaukhandi Stupa, built in the 7th century, and the octagonal tower on top was commissioned by emperor Akbar in 1567, the stupa marks the place where it is believed Lord Buddha and his first disciples met, Sarnath

Carved into a rock pillar The Teachings of Lord Buddha, Sarnath,

Dhamek Stupa built in the 5th century AD, Sarnath, India, the stupa marks the precise location where the Lord Buddha preached his first discourse to his first five disciples, Sarnath

Ruins of ancient Sarnath from the 5th century, BC. where the Lord Buddha preached his first discourse, Sarnath

Tibetan Buddhist Monastery in Sarnath, a peaceful traditional Monastery that is a safe and bright space located close to the main market area in Sarnath, it was constructed in 1955, Sarnath

Mulagandhakuti Vihara Temple, a modern Buddhist temple and monastery built in the 1930s by the Sri Lankan Mahabodhi Society, Sarnath

AGRA'S RED FORT

Historical Significance: Over the centuries, Agra Fort witnessed significant historical events, including the struggle for power among Mughal emperors, battles, and the house arrest of Emperor Shah Jahan by his son Aurangzeb. Mughal architecture, a type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed during this time in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent. It developed the styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India as an amalgam of Islamic, Persian and Indian architecture. Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways, and delicate ornamentation

Agra’s Red Fort was built in 1504 in the style of Indo-Islamic architecture, it's 1.6 miles from Agra’s most famous monument, the Taj Mahal

Akbar the Great had the fort rebuilt in 1558 with bricks in the inner core and red sandstone on external surfaces.

Between 1628-1658 Emperor Shah Jahan, created the fort in its current state while he built the Taj Mahal in the memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal

Musamman Burj, an octagonal look-out tower over the River Yamuna, built by Emperor Shah Jahan, in 1657

Ruins of the Tomb of Sultan Parwiz, built in 1626, next to the Tomb of Chini Ka Rauza, on the east bank of the Yamuna river Agra’s Red Fort Complex

The Khass Mahal (the emperor's private residence inside Agra Red Fort Complex) view across the river at the Taj Mahal, built by Emperor Shah Jahan, in 1653

Agra Fort castle, fortified walls and look-out towers built from red sandstone, a drawbridge crossed over a moat full of hungry crocodiles

Agra’s Red Fort, Diwan-i-Am, magnificent stone-cut arched walk ways,

Jahangir Palace, inside Agra Red Fort Complex

Agra’s Red Fort, vast colonnaded walkways, opposite fortified walls and look-out towers

Diwan-I-Am or Hall of Public Audience, where the emperor addressed the general public, built by Emperor Shah Jehan, 1640, inside Agra Red Fort Complex

MUGHAL MAUSOLEUMS

In the land of cremation, a Hindu tradition that has existed for thousands of years was the primary rite of passage until the arrival of Islam. This led to the creation of the Tomb Mausoleum, which stands in stark contrast to longstanding customs. Humayun's Tomb, located in Delhi and built in 1570, holds particular cultural significance as it was the first garden tomb in the Indian subcontinent. It also marked the beginning of the grand dynastic mausoleums that would become synonymous with Mughal architecture. This architectural style reached its zenith 80 years later with the Taj Mahal, constructed in 1853.

This octagonal structure is fascinating, in the tomb complex of Isa Khan Niazi, an Afghan noble in Sher Shah Suri's court of the Suri dynasty, who fought against the Mughals, built one of the first mausoleums in 1547 CE, Delhi, India

In the same tomb complex of Isa Khan is Humayun's Tomb, built in 1557 CE, the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent, a precursor of Mughal mausoleum architecture, Delhi, India

The Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah (Baby Taj), built in 1628, described as a "jewel box", sometimes called the "Bachcha Taj" or the "Baby Taj", is often regarded as the prototype of the Taj Mahal, Agra, India

Chini Ka Rauza, mausoleum of Afzal Khan Shirazi, built in 1635, this architectural gem often goes unnoticed, it showcases Persian tile work on its floors & walls.

The Mausoleum of Akbar the Great, died 1605, built in 1613, constructed in red sandstone and white marble, located in Sikandra, a suburb of Agra, India

The Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, known as Jodha Bai, wife of Akbar, died 1623, Agra, India

The Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal's unique aesthetic qualities, defined by balance and symmetry, are fundamental principles that enhance its visual appeal. These elements often mirror each other around a central axis. Balance seeks a harmonious distribution of visual weight, which can be achieved through either symmetry or asymmetry. Recognized as an Islamic masterpiece, the monument features verses from the Quran inscribed on its walls, and its primary motif of flowers like lilies, tiger claws and tulips are carved into marble and inlaid with stones, using a technique called "pietra dura are adorned with inlaid semi-precious stones such as coral, onyx, carnelian, amethyst, and lapis lazuli, contributing to the splendor of its white marble exterior and further links the monument to the theme of paradise.

Often referred to as an architectural "symbol of love." in popular literature, the Taj Mahal's purpose is subject to various interpretations. One theory posits that it is not merely a funeral monument and suggests that Shah Jahan might have built a similar structure even if his wife had not died. Another theory proposes that the Taj Mahal symbolizes a Divine Throne—the seat of God—on the Day of Judgment, based on the specific metaphors in the Qur'anic inscriptions and the emperor's affinity for thrones. A third perspective posits that the monument represents a replica of a house of paradise, while the "paradisiacal mansion" theory argues that the Taj was constructed as a vanity project to glorify Mughal rule and the emperor himself. Learn more: The Taj Mahal

Moi and the Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal at sundown

Behind the Taj Mahal reflecting in the Yamuna river at sunrise

1.) The Taj Mahal, a white marble Islamic masterpiece, the Mausoleum

2.) of Mumtaz Mahal, built in her memory by her husband

3.) Emperor Shah Jahan, built in 1653, Agra, India.

Looking directly at the Taj Mahal through the main gateway of the (darwaza)

The main gateway (darwaza) entrance mirroring the Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal Mosque on the western side facing the tomb

Architectural Details of the Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal is made of white marble that was mined in Northern India. It is inlaid with over 30 types of precious and semi-precious jewels, including jade from China and lapis lazuli from Afghanistan. Other stones used in its construction include turquoise, sapphire, carnelian, and jasper. The white marble and the incorporation of these precious stones symbolize purity, love, and the grandeur of the monument. The architectural design of the Taj Mahal is a fusion of Persian, Indian, and Islamic styles, with a strong emphasis on geometric patterns, symmetry, and reflective pools.

The total height of the Taj Mahal, along with its main central onion dome, is 220 feet [67 meters] above ground. One of the remarkable features of the Taj Mahal is its ability to change color depending on the time of day. In the early morning light, it can take on a beautiful pink hue, transitioning to brilliant white at midday. In the evening, as the sun sets, the marble reflects warm golden tones.

Detail of the reflecting pool a key design element that enhances the symmetry and creates a stunning mirrored image

Detail of the Taj Mahal front facade showing the great pishtaq (a vaulted space with a facade), showing relief of floral designs, geometric shapes, and Arabic calligraphy, inlaided with semi-precious stones.

The Taj Mahal finial; the onion dome is perched by a gold gilded lotus bud and a crescent moon, it reaches 220 feet [67 meters] above ground.

Detail of the Taj Mahal front facade and dome showing relief of floral designs, geometric shapes, and Arabic calligraphy, inlaided with semi-precious stones.

Detail of the Taj Mahal front facade showing the great pishtaq (a vaulted space with a facade), relief of floral designs, geometric shapes, and Arabic calligraphy, inlaided with semi-precious stones.

Detail of colorful impressions of floral design and geometric shapes inlaid with semi-precious stones

Detail of geometric shapes inlaid with semi-precious stones,

Detail of the inlaid flower blooms and jali latticed screen of perforated stone surrounding the tomb

Detail of the Tomb for Mumtaz Mahal and her husband Shah Jahan, colorful floral design and geometric shapes inlaid with semi-precious stones,

Detail of marble relief floral design on a wall panel,

Detail of colorful floral design and geometric shapes inlaid with semi-precious stones

Detail of a column capital wih colorful impressions of flowers hanging from a trellis frameworks

Detail of colorful wall tiles with simple impressions of flowers and tea pots on a white background

Detail of the Taj Mahal side facade showing the pishtaq (a vaulted space with a facade), painted relief, inlaid Arabic calligraphy and jali screen windows

Detail of a cut marble border

Detail of jali latticed screen of perforated stone surrounding the tomb

Detail of jali screen window and entrance to the inter tomb

Detail of marble relief floral design on a wall panel

Colorful floral and geometric design border inlaid with semi-precious stones

1.) Detail of a arch wih colorful impressions of floral borders, the shapes of the flowers remain simple,

2.) but display a fluidity of line typical of Mughal design, 1653, Agra, India

1.) Detail of a marble relief floral design on the wall with rows of naturalistic flowers of mixed botanical species,

2.) representing heavenly flowerbeds, framed with inlaid floral borders with semi-precious stones,

3.) Taj Mahal, 1653, Agra, India

1.) A repeating jharokha stone window motif,

2.) A jharokha is a ornate oriel window or balcony,

3.) often found in Indian architecture, Taj Mahal, Agra, India

FATEHPUR SIKRI

Built during the second half of the 16th century by the Emperor Akbar, Fatehpur Sikri (the City of Victory) was the capital of the Mughal Empire for only some 10 years. The complex of monuments and temples, all in a uniform architectural style, includes one of the largest mosques in India, the Jama Masjid. The city was built massively and preferably with red sandstone. The city's architecture reflects both the Hindu and Muslim form of domestic architecture popular in India at the time. Fatehpur Sikri is now a World Heritage site. The Panch Mahal , or Palace of Five Storeys, and the Buland Darwaza, a massive gate which provides entrance to the complex, number among the finest specimens of Mughal architecture, and it is even arguable that Fatehpur Sikri is the greatest accomplishment of Mughal architecture, The remarkable preservation of these original spaces allows modern archaeologists to reconstruct scenes of Mughal court life, The shortage of water and turmoil in the country's northwest is thought to be the key reasons for the city's abandonment. After Akbar moved the imperial capital from Fatehpur Sikri to Lahore, and then to Agra, the city was abandoned by 1610.

1.) Buland Darwaza, or the "Door of victory" built in 1573

2.) by Emperor Akbar to commemorate his victory over Gujarat,

3.) It is the main entrance gate to the Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri

1.) Entrance to the Jama Mosque, also known as the Jama Masjid,

2.) a 16th-century Sufi Friday mosque,

3.) built by Akbar the Great, 1571, Fatehpur Sikri, India

1.) The Anup Talao is a pavilion completed in 1576. It is set in the centre of a pool in the courtyard of the Fatehpur Sikri,

2.) The pavilion is also known as "Char-Chamad", referring to the four bridges. Located north of the imperial apartments in the Mahal-i Khass courtyard (Khwabgah),

3.) Northeast of Hujra-i-Anup Tala-u a pavilion housed Akbar’s guests. Fatehpur Sikri, India

1.) Anup Talao, A ornamental pool with a central platform and four bridges leading up to it, important buildings of the royal enclave surround it,

2.) left of the pool; The Panch Mahal meaning 'Five level Palace'

3.) right other side of the pool; The Diwan-i-Khas or Hall of Private Audiences, Fatehpur Sikri, India

Jodha Bai Mahal Palace, built by Akbar 1569, in Fatehpur Sikri, Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Birbal Bhavan Palace, adviser to the emperor, built by Akbar 1571, Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Buland Darwaza (lit. 'High Gate'), built by Akbar in 1575 as the main entrance to the Jama Masjid Mosque, (the highest gateway in the world) in Fatehpur Sikri, Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Jodha Bai Mahal, the largest palace in Fatehpur Sikri, commissioned by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1569, Agra, District of Uttar Pradesh, India

The long hallways of Jama Mosque, a 16th-century Sufi Friday mosque and dargah complex opened in 1571, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India

The Mughal Harem of the emperors of the Indian subcontinent. built by Akbar 1570, Agra, India

The Diwan-i-Khas, or Hall of Private Audiences, was a chamber in the Red Fort of Delhi built-in 1648 as a location for receptions, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India

The Buland Darwaza, (Gate of Victory) is the main entrance to the Jama Masjid, built in 1575 CE by Akbar, it is the highest gateway in India, standing at 54 meters (177 feet) high, Fatehpur Sikri, India.

The Panch Mahal meaning 'Five level Palace' consisting of four stories of decreasing size arranged asymmetrically on the ground floor, which contains 84 columns, Agra, India

Mogul architecture at its best, the carved redsandstone central column of Diwan-i-khas (Hall of Private Audiences), built by Akbar, 1570, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India

Out side the Jama Masjid, a 16th-century Sufi Friday mosque and dargah complex, built by Akbar 1570, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India

Outside colonnade of the Jami Masjid mosque at Fatehpur Sikri, built by Akbar 1570, Agra, India

Buland Darwaza, or the "Door of victory", (inside view) construction was started in 1573 by Mughal Emperor Akbar to commemorate his victory over Gujarat, Agra, India

The long hallways of the Jama Mosque, is a 16th-century Sufi Friday mosque and dargah complex, opened in 1571, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India

Astrologer's seat by the Treasury in Akbar's fort built 1570, Fatehpur Sikri, India

The Panch Mahal meaning 'Five level Palace' consisting of four stories of decreasing size arranged asymmetrically on the ground floor, which contains 84 columns, Agra, India

The Diwan-i-Khas, or Hall of Private Audiences, was a chamber in the Red Fort of Delhi built-in 1648 as a location for receptions, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India

The Panch Mahal meaning 'Five level Palace' was commissioned by Akbar. This structure stands close to the Zenana quarters which supports the supposition that it was used for entertainment and relaxation.

The imposing gate located directly opposite the Jami Masjid is also known as the King's Gate built by Akbar 1578, in Fatehpur Sikri, Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Detail of Jodha Bai Mahal' is the largest palace in Fatehpur Sikri commissioned by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1569 for his favourite queen consort, Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known as 'Jodha bai' .

Buland Darwaza: Set into the south wall of congregational mosque at Fatehpur Sikri is 54 metres (177 ft) high, built by Akbar 1570, Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Panch Mahal, 'Five level Palace' built by Akbar 1578, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India

The tomb of Islam Khan, 1613, in the courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri, India

Jami Masjid Mosque Gate from inside, built by Akbar, 1571, Fatehpur Sikiri, India

1.) Tomb of Sufi Salim Chishti, at Jama Masjid Courtyard, the tomb is enclosed by 19 jali latticework screens,

2.) made of perforated marble on all sides, and is considered one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in India,

3.) to see a compilation of the 19 Jali screens; click on this link (then click on the hour glass to enlarge the image and scroll to the left to start)

Jodhpur, India

Jodhpur is a renowned tourist destination known for Umaid Bhawan Palace one of the world's largest private residences, Mehrangarh Fort, and temples, all set against the stark landscape of the Thar Desert. It is often referred to as the "Blue City" because of the distinctive blue color of the buildings in its old town. This historic area is encircled by the Mehrangarh Fort and is bounded by a wall with several gates. Located near the geographic center of Rajasthan, Jodhpur serves as a convenient base for travelers exploring the region. Mehrangarh Fort, a historic fort situated in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, stands atop a hill, rising about 122 meters (400 feet) above the surrounding plains. The fort complex spans approximately 1,200 acres (486 hectares). It was initially built around 1459 by Rao Jodha, the Rajput ruler of the Rathore clan, although much of the existing structure was constructed by his successors in the 17th century.

The fort features seven gates, with the main entrance known as Jai Pol, or "Victory Gate." This gate was built by Maharaja Man Singh to commemorate his victories over the armies of Jaipur and Bikaner in 1806. Another significant gate, Fatteh Pol, honors Maharaja Ajit Singh’s victory over the Mughals. Inside the fort, visitors can explore several palaces famous for their intricate carvings and expansive courtyards. There is also the Chamunda Mataji Temple and a museum that houses various relics. A winding road leads to and from the city below. The impacts of cannonballs fired by the attacking armies of Jaipur are still visible on the second gate. To the northeast of the fort lies the chhatri of Kirat Singh Sodha, a soldier who died defending Mehrangarh. Umaid Bhawan Palace located in Jodhpur, is one of the world's largest private residences. A part of the palace is managed by Taj Hotels. It is named after Maharaja Umaid Singh, grandfather of the present owner, Gaj Singh. The palace has 347 rooms and is the principal residence of the former Jodhpur royal family. A part of the palace is a museum.

1.) Jodhpur is often referred to as the "Blue City" because of the distinctive blue color of the buildings in its old town.

2.) The historic area is encircled by the Mehrangarh Fort and is bounded by a wall with several gates.

3.) Mehrangarh Fort, a historic fort situated in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, stands atop a hill, rising about 122 meters (400 feet) above the surrounding plains.

1.) Mehrangarh Fort, built in 1459, Its walls, are 36 metres (118 ft) high and 21 metres (69 ft) wide, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

2.) Mehrangarh Fort, has seven gates and seven museums, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

3.) Mehrangarh Fort is a National Geological Monument, noted for The Chamunda Mataji Temple, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

1.) Mehrangarh Fort, built in 1459, Its walls, are 36 metres (118 ft) high and 21 metres (69 ft) wide, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

2.) Mehrangarh Fort, has seven gates and seven museums, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

3.) Mehrangarh Fort is a National Geological Monument, noted for The Chamunda Mataji Temple, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

The Hindu Pagoda Temple of 33 Crore Gods, which houses images of various Hindu Gods, built in 1793, Mandore Garden, Jodhpur, India

A Chhatri at Mandore, called a Cenotaph "empty tomb", in Bada Bagh "Mandore Garden" built in the 18th century, Jodpur, India

3.) The Royal Cenotaph (Deval), built in 1793, Mandore Garden, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

1.) Umaid Bhawan Palace (Hindi: उम्मैद भवन पैलेस), built in 1929, located in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, is one of the world's largest private residences.

2.) A part of the palace is managed by Taj Hotels. It is named after Maharaja Umaid Singh, grandfather of the present owner, Gaj Singh.

3.) The palace has 347 rooms and is the principal residence of the former Jodhpur royal family. A part of the palace is a museum.

PURI in the state of Odisha

Puri, located in the state of Odisha, (formerly Orissa the official name until 2011) is a holy town known for the Jagannath Temple, dedicated to Vishnu. The temple complex covers an area of over 37,000 square metres (400,000 sq ft), and is surrounded by a fortified wall 6.1 metres (20 ft)-high known as Meghanada Pacheri. It contains at least 120 temples and shrines, with its sculptural richness and fluidity built in the Kalinga architecture, it is one of the most magnificent temples of India. The main tower is the highest in Odisha, it rises to a height 65 metres (214 ft) and crowned on the top with a Neelachakra, an eight-spoked wheel of Vishnu. Puri is a short bus ride south of Bhubaneswar, the largest city in the eastern Indian state of Odisha. A memorable trek on a bus into the city will show multiple street processions celebrating life, death and mystery with particular excitement and reverence. Hari Krishnas dance joyfully in groups on the beach while strings of families submerge themselves in the water without removing clothes and elephants carry happy children in the sand.

1.) The Grand Road of Puri, goes through the center of town , located on the east coast of India on the Bay of Bengal, with great food and plenty of ancient temples to explore.

2.) The Jagannath Temple at Puri is one of the major Hindu temples built in the Kalinga style of architecture, 11th century, AD.

3.) The beach at Puri, known as the "Ballighai beach, at the mouth of Nunai River", it has golden yellow sand & sunrise and sunset are pleasant scenic attractions.

Jagannatha Temple, dedicated to Vishnu, Lions entrance, 11th CE, Puri, Odisha, India

Jagannatha Temple, dedicated to Vishnu, crowning the top is the Neelachakra, an eight-spoked wheel rising to a height 65 metres (214 ft), the highest in Odisha, 11th CE, Puri, Odisha, India

Jagannatha Temple, known for the "Akhanda Jyoti" or "Infinite Flame," burning for 800 years at the top of the temple, 11th CE, Puri, Odisha, India

Sathya Sai Baba, 1926-2011, Indian Guru, Philosophy; Love All, Serve All. Help Ever, Hurt Never. Puri, Orissa, India

Yamraj, also called Yama, is the Hindu god responsible for judging the dead and determining their fate, Puri, Odisha, India.

Hindu Home Worship, a Shrine of Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth, fortune, and abundance Puri, Odisha, India

Japanese buddha temple, Subha Buddha Purnima/ vesak, Puri, Orissa, India

Cycle rickshaws next to a ancient banyan tree, Puri, Odisha, India.

Sri Saraswata Gaudiya Asan Temple, Puri, Odisha, India.

Lord Chaitanya, Hindu Mystic & Master Teacher of Krishna, born 1485, Bengal, India, died 1533, Puri, India.

Radha consort of Krishna (in blue) the god of protection, compassion, tenderness, and love, Puri, Odisha, India.

Festival of Saraswati, Hindu goddess of knowledge, music, flowing water, abundance and wealth, art, speech, wisdom, and learning, Puri, Odisha, India.

Lord Nilamadhaba, Aswa Dwara, Horse Gate, Jagannath Temple, Puri, Odisha, India

Bronze Statue of Gandhi on his famous Dandi March (Salt March) against the British salt tax, 1930, Gandhi Park, Puri, Odisha, India.

Saraswati, Hindu goddess of knowledge, music, flowing water, abundance and wealth, art, speech, wisdom, and learning, Puri, Orissa, India.

Before the epic Mahabharata war, Lord Krishna, Arjuna's charioteer and advisor, imparted the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita to Arjuna, Puri, Odisha, India

Krishna the god of music, compassion, tenderness, and love, Puri, Odisha, India Puri, Odisha, India.

Statue of Vijaya at the entrance of the Jagannath Temple, Puri, Orissa, India.

1.) Puri Temple drawing from the book: Linde des Rajas Voyage Dans Centrale, Date: 1877, Author: Louis Rousselet, Puri, Odisha, India, public/domain

2.) Puri Temple drawing from the book: Linde des Rajas Voyage Dans Centrale, Puri, Odisha, India

Minor temples to the south of the main Jagannath temple in Puri, Date: 1890, Author: Mukherji, Poorno Chander, Puri, Odisha, India, public/domain

Mukteshvara Temple with decorative torana arched gateway, 900 CE. Shiva, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, (formerly Orissa the official name until 2011) India

I in front of Mukteshvara Temple, Shiva, Side view, 900 CE. Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India

Lingaraj Temple, 900 CE, Shiva, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Bramheswara Temple, Devadasi tradition 10th CE, Shiva, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India

Svarnajalesvara Temple, 11th CE, Shiva, Khordha district, Odisha, India

Parsurameswara Temple, 650 CE, Shiva, Bhubaneswar Odisha, India

Dhauli Temple Buddha, 20th CE, Hindu, Odisha, India

Dhauli Temple, 20th CE, Hindu, Odisha, India

Abandoned temple, probably 10th CE, Puri, Odisha, India

Sea people village, Puri, Odisha, India

Village elephant camp, Puri, Odisha, India

KONARK SUN TEMPLE

Konark is an outstanding testimony to the 13th-century kingdom of Orissa and a monumental example of the personification of divinity, thus forming an invaluable link in the history of the cult of Surya, the Sun God. The architectural style called the Surya Devalaya, it is a classic illustration of the Odisha style of Architecture or Kalinga architecture.

Konark Sun Temple, Main structure entrance, Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India

Konark Sun Temple, view from the steps of Nata Mandir, Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India

Konark Sun Temple, Ornamented Wheel of Karma, Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India

Konark Sun Temple, Architectural detail of stone carved chariot wheel and temple , Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India

Konark Sun Temple, Surya, the Hindu Sun God, Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India

Konark Sun Temple, Front entrance view of Nata mandir (the dance hall) with 2 rampant lions standing upon a crouching elephants, Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India

Konark Sun Temple, Sculpture relief, couple in amorous pose of the Karma Sutra, Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India

Konark Sun Temple, Front entrance view of Nata mandir (the dance hall), Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India

Konark Sun Temple, Sculpture relief, Naga Mithuna are a divine, or semi-divine, race of half-human, half-serpent beings, are worshipped as underworld beings protecting water resources, Hindu, 13th-century, Odisha, India

KHAJURAHO

Khajuraho temples in Madhya Pradesh, are famous for their nagara-style architectural symbolism and their erotic sculptures. Most of the temples were built between 950 and 1050 by the Chandela dynasty. Historical records note that the Khajuraho temple site had 85 temples by the 12th century, spread over 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi). Of these, only about 25 temples have survived, spread over six square kilometres (2.3 sq mi).

The Kandariya Mahadeva Hindu Temple, is decorated with a profusion of erotic sculptures with intricate details, symbolism, and expressiveness of ancient Indian art, 10th-century, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India

Lakshmi Hindu Temple, dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi, consort of Lord Vishnu, it is located next to Varaha Temple and opposite Lakshaman Temple, 10th CE, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India

Parvati Temple, dedicated to the goddess Parvati, wife of Shiva, Hindu, 10th-century, Khajuraho, India

Chaturbhuj Temple, built by the Chandelas, 10th CE, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India

Vishnu Idol statue inside Chaturbhuj Temple, built by the Chandelas, 10th CE, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India

Parshvanatha Temple, Jain, 10th-century, constructed by a prominent Jain family between 950 and 970 CE, it is the largest Jain temple in Khajuraho, India

Erotic Kama Sutra, sculpture releif, Kandariya Mahadev Temple, 10th-century, Khajuraho, India

Khandariya Mahadev Temple, the largest and most ornate Hindu temple at Khajuraho, 10th-century, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India

Erotic Kama Sutra, sculpture releif, Kandariya Mahadev Temple, 10th-century, Khajuraho, India

Adinatha Temple, a Jain temple dedicated to the tirthankara Adinatha although its exterior walls also feature Hindu deities, 11th CE, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India

Parsvanath Temple, Jain, built by the Chandelas, 10th CE, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India

Shantinatha Temple, 10th-century, Jain, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India

Chandella dynasty Temple, Devi Jagadambika, Hindu, built by the Chandelas, 10th CE, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India

Erotic Kama Sutra, sculpture releif, Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, 10th CE, Hindu, Khajurâho, Madhya Pradesh, India

Vamana Temple, a Hindu temple dedicated to Vamana, an avatar of the god Vishnu, built 1075, Khajuraho, India

UDAYGIRI & KHANDAGIRI CAVES

Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, formerly called Kattaka Caves or Cuttack caves, are partly natural and partly artificial caves of archaeological, historical and religious importance near the city of Bhubaneswar in Odisha, India. The caves are situated on two adjacent hills, Udayagiri and Khandagiri mentioned as Kumari Parvata in the Hathigumpha inscription. They have a number of finely and ornately carved caves built during the 1st century BCE. It is believed that most of these caves were carved out as residential blocks for Jain monks during the reign of King Kharavela. Udayagiri means "Sunrise Hill" and has 18 caves while Khandagiri has 15 caves.

Udayagiri Caves, finely and ornately carved caves built during the 1st century BCE, Odisha, India

It is believed that most of these caves were carved out as residential blocks for Jain monks during the reign of King Kharavela, 1st century BCE, Odisha, India, India

The caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri, called lena or leṇa in the inscriptions, these were taken out mostly during the reign of Kharavela for the abode of Jain ascetics, 1st century BCE, Odisha, India

In Udayagiri, Hathi Gumpha (cave 14) and Ganesha Gumpha (cave 10) are especially well known for their historically important sculptures and reliefs, 1st century BCE, Odisha, India

Rani Gumpha is the largest and most popular cave among the caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri. The word Rani means "queen", 1st century BCE, Odisha, India

Khandagiri offers a fine view back over Bhubaneswar from its summit. The Ananta Cave depicts carved figures of women, elephants, athletes, and geese carrying flowers 1st century BCE, Odisha, India

SIKKIM INDIA

Sikkim is a state in northeastern India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the east, Koshi Province of Nepal in the west, and West Bengal in the south. Sikkim is notable for its biodiversity, including alpine and subtropical climates, as well as being a host to Kangchenjunga, the highest peak in India and third-highest on Earth (Elevation: 8,586 metres 28,169 ft.) The Kingdom of Sikkim was founded by the Namgyal Dynasty (1460-1842) in the 17th century. In 1975 a disputed referendum was held that led to the dissolution of the monarchy and Sikkim joining India as its 22nd state.

Sikkimese architecture showcases a fusion of Nepalese, Tibetan, and Bhutanese architectural styles, resulting in a unique blend tailored to the local environment and climate. It employs techniques and materials well-suited to the region. The intricate carvings and decorative elements, including prayer flags and Buddhist symbols featuring vibrant blues, greens, and reds, highlight the local craftsmanship and artistic traditions. The use of lively colors and ornamental details can evoke a sense of joy and excitement, uplifting individuals seeking spiritual connection, mindfulness, or meditation. Traditional Sikkimese architecture serves as a colorful reflection of the local culture and environment. This distinctive combination creates a look and feel that sets it apart from any other architectural style in India.

1.) View of the entire Mt. Kangchenjunga range,

2.) Elevation: 8,586 metres, or 28,169 ft.,

3.) Sikkim, India

Namthöse (Vaiśravaṇa), one of the Four Heavenly Kings, Cardinal direction: North, Name meaning: He who sees all, Control: King of Yaksha, Color: Yellow or Green, Symbols: Stupa, Umbrella & Mongoose, Thanka Art mural, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Lord Ganesha, widely revered as the remover of obstacles and thought to bring good luck; the patron of arts and sciences; and the deva of intellect, 18th century, Ganesha wall painting mural at Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Chenmizang (Virūpākṣa), one of the Four Heavenly Kings, Cardinal direction: West, Name meaning: He who hears everything, Control: King of Nagas, Color: Red, Symbols: Stupa, Serpent & Pearl, Thanka Art mural, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Rumtek Monastery (in the fog) is a Tibetan gompa located in the Indian state of Sikkim near the capital Gangtok built in the 18th century, Sikkim, India

Rumtek Monastery (in the fog), Yülkhorsung (Dhṛtarāṣṭra), one of the Four Heavenly Kings, Cardinal direction: East, Name meaning: He who upholds the realm, Control: King of Gandhabbas, Color: White, Symbol: Pipa, Thanka Art mural, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Rotating 108 Mani Lhakor or prayer wheels around Do Drul Chorten Stupa, The stupa was built by Trulshik Rinpoche, head of the Nyingma order of Tibetan Buddhism in 1945, Gangtok, Sikkim, India

Carved and painted dragon column, Sikkimese architecture, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Carved and painted door, Sikkimese architecture, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Carved and painted pillar column, Sikkimese architecture, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

The Big Buddha, left side, Guru-Lhakhang Monastery, Gangtok, Sikkim, India

The Big Buddha, Guru-Lhakhang Monastery, Gangtok, Sikkim, India

The Big Buddha, right side, Guru-Lhakhang Monastery, Gangtok, Sikkim, India

Hand painted, Wall mural of a Golden Dragon, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Sikkim traditional toran door valance to Rumtek Monastery with Lion sculpture protectors on top, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Door knocker for Rumtek Monastery, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Yülkhorsung (Dhṛtarāṣṭra), one of the Four Heavenly Kings, Cardinal direction: East, Name meaning: He who upholds the realm, Control: King of Gandhabbas, Color: White, Symbol: Pipa, Thanka Art mural, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Hand painted murals at Entrace of Rumtek Monastery, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Phakyepo (Virūḍhaka), one of the Four Heavenly Kings, Cardinal direction: South, Name meaning: He who upholds the realm, Control: King of Kumbhandas, Color: Blue, Symbol: Sword, Thanka Art mural, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Karma Shri Nalanda Institute, a buddhist temple located in Rumtek, Sikkim, India

A local Rumtek Monastery monk at the door to say hello, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Rumtek Monastery, Mural wall painting of Buddha Shakyamuni, Sikkim, india

Architectural exterior window detail of Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

View from patio, OYO 12862 Hotel Lamaz, Residency, Bodhi Marg, Gangtok 737101, India

Mokha is a popular endemic art, along with its techniques painting external motifs, and patterns, floral and geometric patterns, around windows and doors has been passed down from one generation to the next, Sikkim, india

Painted Mural of Sikkim Nagas Dharma Protector, 18th century, Dharma Chakra Centre, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Prayer flags, from Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Lotus flower, sword of knowledge and sacred text, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Buddha Thangka Yin and Yang Painting, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Lord Ganesha, the remover of obstacles and thought to bring good luck, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Do Drul Chorten Stupa, Gangtok, Sikkim, India

Ornamental gankyil, Wheel of joy, A Sikkim Buddhist symbol, Sikkim, India

Do Drul Chorten Stupa, Gangtok, Sikkim, India

Double red doors at Rumtek Buddhist Monastery, Sikkim, India

Darap village, known for Sikkimese Cuisine, Sikkim, India

Lion Sculptures over entrance, guardian of evil-spirits, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Local Sikkimese, decorative hand painting on wood, Sikkim, India

Do-drul Chorten is a stupa in Gangtok, Sikkim, India

Hand painted top door frame, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Ornamental gankyil, Wheel of joy, A Sikkim Buddhist symbol, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Painted Ceiling and Mural, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Sikkimese Monastery Painted Column, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Novice monks attending Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Sikkim painted wall mural, Wheel of Joy, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Novice monks attending Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India

Vajrayogini, (spiritual awakening), Bodhisattva statue, 17th century, Sanga Choeling Monastery, built 1697, Pelling, Sikkim, India

Vajrasattva, (Buddha of Purification), Bodhisattva statue, 17th century, Sanga Choeling Monastery, built 1697, Pelling, Sikkim, India

Vajradhara, the primordial Buddha, (Dorje Chang,"diamond-holder"), Bodhisattva, 17th century, Sanga Choeling Monastery, built 1697, Pelling, Sikkim, India

Wall mural of seated bodhisattvas, 18th century, Pemayangtse Monastery, Sikkim India

Bodhisattva Vajrapani dharmapāla (Protector Statue), Gold Gilded, 17th century, Pemayangtse Monastery, Sikkim

CitiPati guardian deities, two skeletons in dancing pose, Ngor Style wall paintings, 18th century, Pemayangtse Monastery, Sikkim, India

View from my guest house room, Mt. Kangchenjunga the third highest mountain in the world, Elevation: 8,586 metres, or 28,169 ft. Sikkim, India

Mt. Kangchenjunga the third highest mountain in the world, situated in the Himalaya on the border of Nepal and India, Elevation: 8,586 metres 28,169 ft., Sikkim, India

I with Mt. Kangchenjunga in the background, the third highest mountain in the world, 28,169 ft., Sikkim, India

JAISALMER FORT, RAJASTHAN, INDIA

I spent a week at Jaisalmer Fort, an architectural marvel nestled in the heart of the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India. It was constructed in 1156 AD by the Rajput dynasty, a prominent Hindu royal family that ruled North India from the 6th to the 12th centuries. This magnificent fort stands as one of the very few "living forts" in the world, with nearly one-fourth of the vibrant old city's population continuing to call it home after more than 860 years. Perched atop a hill that rises a stunning 250 feet (76 meters) above the surrounding Thar Desert, the fort is an imposing presence that commands attention. The fort is encircled by a formidable 15-foot (4.6 meters) tall wall, which serves as the outermost ring of its intricate triple-ringed defense architecture. Historically, the entire population of Jaisalmer once dwelled within these fortified walls. Today, this iconic structure still retains a resident population of about 4,000 people, predominantly descendants of the Brahmin and Rajput communities.

As I explored the labyrinthine passages of Jaisalmer Fort, I found myself drawn to the seven must-see historic Jain temples, constructed with exquisite yellow sandstone between the 12th and 16th centuries. Jainism, one of the three major world religions that originated in India alongside Hinduism and Buddhism, finds its sacred expressions in these temples. Inside, devotees encounter twenty-four sacred statuettes known as Tirthankaras, typically seen in the serene lotus position, symbolizing the path to liberation. The ultimate aspiration of Jainism is the liberation of the soul, or jiva, from the cycle of rebirth, a goal achieved through the meticulous elimination of accumulated karma. This transformative journey necessitates the disciplined cultivation of knowledge and mastery over one's bodily passions. When these passions are completely subdued, and all karma is eradicated, one becomes a Jina, a “conqueror,” who transcends the bounds of rebirth.

Jain philosophy envisions a multi-layered universe encompassing realms of both heavenly bliss and a tormented existence. To navigate these cosmic dimensions, followers must adhere to Jain doctrines that advocate for a life steeped in peace and discipline. These guiding principles emphasize non-violence in every aspect of existence—whether verbal, physical, or mental—along with the importance of truthfulness, sexual monogamy, and detachment from material possessions. Consistent with their commitment to such an ethical lifestyle, Jains are typically strict vegetarians, often embracing a rigorous practice of non-violence that permeates their everyday lives.

Jaisalmer Fort, known as Sonar quila the “Golden Fort, built on the triangular shaped Trikuta Hill, a Fortified Castle built in 1156 AD by a Hindu Royal Family, The Rajputs, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

A Cattle farm outside of the fortified walls of Jaisalmer Fort on top of Trikuta Hill, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Jaisalmer Fort, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Fortified Jaisalmer Fort is Perched 250 feet [76 metres] high on Trikuta Hill, the fort is the largest living fort in the world, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

looking up at Jaisalmer Fort built on the triangular shaped Trikuta Hill, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Desert Haveli Guest House, Jaisalmer Fort, near all Jain Temples, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Looking up 250 feet at Jaisalmer Fort on Trikuta Hill, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Looking up at Jaisalmer Fort, before the main entrance, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Looking up 250 feet at Jaisalmer Castle hilltop at night illuminated by flood lights, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Main Entrance to Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Suraj pol is one of the three gates of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Ganesh Pol Gate is one of the three gates of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Inside Jaisalmer Fort looking down Fortified walls on Trikuta Hill, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Rajmahal Palace, inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Shantinatha & Kunthunatha Jain Temple, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Parshvanatha Jain Temple, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Sambhavanatha Jain Temple, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Shitalanatha Jain Temple, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Rishabhanatha Jain Temple, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Chandraprabha Jain Temple, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Dancing Jain Sculpture, Sambhavanatha Jain Temple, 15th century, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Hand carved stone Jain sculpture, Parshvanatha Jain Temple, 15th century, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Hand carved stone standing Ganesha, elephant god of good luck, Rishabhanatha Temple, 15th century, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Interior of Hand carved stone, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Interior of ornately hand carved sandstone pillars in Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Exterior of hand carved sandstone figure of a lion, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Interior of ornately hand carved sandstone pillars in Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Sambhavanatha, the 3rd Jain tirthankara, with ornate sandstone sculpture of Sambhavanth Jain Temple, 12-15th century, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Sambhavanatha Jain Temple ceiling carvings, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Sambhavanatha Jain Temple detail of ceiling carvings, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Colonnade of Parshvanatha Jain Temple (the 23rd Jain tirthankara), Jain temple complex in Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

visitor of Parshvanatha Jain Temple (the 23rd Jain tirthankara), Jain temple complex in Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Priest of Shantinath Jain Temple (the 16th Jain tirthankara), Jain temple complex in Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Priestess of Jain temple complex in Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Priest of Jain temple complex in Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Priest with Shantinath Statue (the 16th Jain tirthankara), Jain Temple complex, 12th-15th Century, Jaisalmer Fort, Rajasthan, India

Shantinath Temple (the 16th Jain tirthankara), Jain temple complex (12-15th century) Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Sambhavanatha, the 3rd Jain tirthankara, with ornate sandstone sculpture of Sambhavanth Jain Temple, 12-15th century, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Jain tirthankara sandstone sculpture, of Jain temple complex (12-15th century) Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Golden Jain tirthankara statue in Chandraprabhu Jain Temple, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Jain tirthankara statue of Jain temple complex (12-15th century) Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Shantinatha Jain Temple, tirthankara statue, Jain temple complex (12-15th century) Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Sitting Tirthankara Statues, Chandraprabha Jain Temple, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Jain tirthankara statue of Jain temple complex (12-15th century) Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Sitting Tirthankara Statues, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Jain tirthankara statue of Jain temple complex (12-15th century) Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Tirthankara of Sambhavnath Temple, Jain temple complex (12-15th century) Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Tirthankara of Lodhurva Temple, Jain temple complex (12-15th century) Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India

Jaisalmer Palace, example of 16th century Rajput architecture, note: Polygonal geometry, latticework windows, decorative carved relief surfaces, Jaisalmer Fort, India

Haveli, traditional townhouse or mansion with intricate ornate yellow sandstone carvings, 16th century, Rajput architecture, note: The bay-window overhang brackets with extravagant detailing, Jaisalmer Fort, India

Jaisalmer Palace, again example of 16th century Rajput architecture, note: the delicately sharp-ended, arched roof overhangs, Jaisalmer Fort, India

A harokha stone window projecting from Jaisalmer Palace, Jaisalmer Fort, India

A Carved Stone Jharokha window projecting from Jaisalmer Palace, Jaisalmer Fort, India

A harokha stone window projecting from Jaisalmer Palace, Jaisalmer Fort, India

A jali Latticework screen, usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy, geometry or natural patterns, 13th century, Jaisalmer Fort, India

Decorative perforated stone in geometric Mughal jali design, 15th century, Jaisalmer Fort, India

Architectual hand carved relief tile detail, 17th century, Jaisalmer Fort, India

Ancient wooden door, Jaisalmer Fort, India

Temple doorway, Jaisalmer Fort, India

Ancient wooden door, Jaisalmer Fort, India

Stone sculpture of Kamadev at Jain Temple, Jaisalmer Fort, India

Stone Carving of Jain Temple, Jaisalmer Fort, India

Relief carving in stone of Ganesha, worshipped Hindu elephant-headed god of good luck, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Lord Ganesha in orange symbolizes divine blessing, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Ganesh Marriage Sign, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Sacred Cow of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Streets of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Hotel clerk of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Masterji, is a respectful and traditional way to address a skilled craftsman or artisan, particularly in the context of tailoring, Jaisalmer Fort,

Tailoring (Darzi) In India, The art and culture of stitched clothes, Jaisalmer Fort,

Masterji, is a respectful and traditional way to address a skilled craftsman or artisan, particularly in the context of tailoring, Jaisalmer Fort,

Haveli palace window, 14th century Rajput architecture, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Rajasthan textile carved blocks made of wood for hand block printing on cloth, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Haveli palace, architectual hand carved sandstone relief detail, 14th century, Jaisalmer Fort, India

Salvador Dali patio cover for porch, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Wall mural of kalash vase with coconut, representing abundance, prosperity, and spiritual purity, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Kalash pot holds a coconut, representing abundance, prosperity, and spiritual purity, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Mother wearing an embroidered sari with her children, local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Lady's wearing embroidered sari's, local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Mother wearing an embroidered sari with her daughter, local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Lady's wearing embroidered sari's, local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Mother wearing an embroidered sari with child, local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Local child, of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Mother wearing an embroidered sari with her children, local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Lady's wearing embroidered sari's, local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Tour guide with camels, outside Jaisalmer Fort, the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India

Camel tours outside of Jaisalmer Fort, through the sand dunes of the Great Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India

Tour guide with camels after tour, outside of Jaisalmer Fort, the Great Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India

Camels after the tour, outside of Jaisalmer Fort, the Great Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India

I after the camel desert tour, outside of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

I saying good-bye to my camel after the desert tour, outside of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Shadow of me in the sand taking pictures of Camels outside of Jaisalmer Fort, Rajasthan, India

Rural village children in the Thar desert near Jaisalmer, with mud huts, thatched roofs, and camels, Rajasthan, India

Mud Huts with thatched roofs, in near by village outside of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India

Cenotaphs ("empty tombs"), in Bada Bagh("grand garden") outside of Jaisalmer Fort, built by the Maharajas in the 17th-19th century, Jaisalmer, India

A Chhatri at Mandore, called a Cenotaph "empty tomb", in Bada Bagh "Mandore Garden" built in the 18th century, Jodpur, India

Cenotaphs ("empty tombs"), in Bada Bagh ("grand garden") outside of Jaisalmer Fort, built by the Maharajas during the 17th-19th century, Jaisalmer, India

Bara Bagh Royal Cenotaphs outside of Jaisalmer Fort, built by the Maharajas in the 17th-19th century, Jaisalmer, India